«РОЛЬ КОНЦЕПТОСФЕРЫ КУЛЬТУРЫ В ФОРМИРОВАНИИ ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЗМОВ КАК КУЛЬТУРНО-ЯЗЫКОВЫХ ЗНАКОВ ...»

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ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ I

Образец концептуального анализа знаковых средств семиотической области вербальной коммуникации 1.1. Этапы концептуального анализа знака-действия say:

1) Сбор лексикографических данных о знаке-действии say:

The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1999):

1. [reporting verb] utter words so as to convey information, an opinion, a feeling or intention, or an instruction: [with direct speech] ‘Thank you,’ he said | [with clause] he said the fund stood at 100, | [with obj.] our parents wouldn't believe a word we said | [with infinitive] he said to come early. (of a text or a symbolic representation) convey specified information or instructions: [with clause] the Act says such behaviour is an offence. [with obj.] enable a listener or reader to learn or understand something by conveying or revealing (information or ideas): I don't want to say too much | the film's title says it all [with obj.] (of a clock or watch) indicate (a specified time): the clock says ten past two. (be said) be asserted or reported (often used to avoid committing the speaker or writer to the truth of the assertion): [with infinitive] they were said to be training freedom fighters | [with clause] it is said that she lived to over a hundred. [with obj.] (say something for) present a consideration in favour of or excusing (someone or something): all I can say for him is that he's a better writer than some. [with obj.] utter the whole of (a speech or other set of words, typically one learned in advance):

the padre finished saying the Nunc Dimittis. 2 [with clause] assume something in order to work out what its consequences would be; make a hypothesis: let's say we pay in five thousand pounds in the first year used parenthetically to indicate that something is being suggested as possible or likely but not certain: the form might include, say, a dozen questions. [p. 1655].

The Longman Dictionary of English and Culture (2002):

1. [T(to)] a to pronounce (a sound, word etc): “What did you say?” “I said, ‘You’re standing on my toe!’ ” | She stood on my foot and didn’t even say sorry! | You children must learn to say ‘please’ and ‘thank you’. | (fig.) So I said to myself (=thought) ‘I wonder what she means’. b to pronounce (a formal set of words) aloud): Have you said your payers? 2 [I only in negatives and questions; T] to express (a thought, intention, opinion, question etc) in words: Don’t believe anything he says. | “Why did she leave?” “I don’t know – she didn’t say.” | [+that] He says he’s thirsty. | He said (that) he would like another drink. | It says in the instructions that you should mix it carefully first. | [+wh-] Did she say how she got here? | “Do you think it will rain?” “I should say so/not” (=I think it will/ will not.) | “What’s he going to do now?” “I’d rather not say.” (=I don’t want to tell anyone.) / “Who can say?” (=I don’t know.) 3 [T often pass.] to give as a general opinion; claim: Well, you know what they say – blood’s thicker than water. (=this is a common saying or PROVERB) | [+(that)] They say (=it is many people’s opinion that) there’s going to be an election soon. | It’s said that he’s the richest man in the world. | [+obj+to-v; pass.] He’s said to be the richest man in the world. 4 [T] to show;

INDICATE: What does your watch say? | The fact that she gave the money back says a lot about her honesty. (=proves she is honest) | [+(that)] She was smiling but her eyes said she was unhappy. 5 [T usually imperative] to suppose; suggest; ASSUME: Would you take an offer of, say (=for example), 500 for your car? | Can you come to dinner? Say, 7.30? | [+(that)] (Let’s) say (that) your plan fails;

then what do we do? 6 [T+to-v; no obj; not in progressive forms] infml to direct or instruct someone:

She said to meet her at the station. | It says on the bottle to take a spoonful every four hours [p.

The Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (2006):

transitive senses 1 a : to express in words : state b : to state as opinion or belief : declare 2 a : utter, pronounce b : recite, repeat 3 a : indicate, show b : to give expression to :

communicate intransitive senses : to express oneself : speak Online Etymology Dictionary:

O.E. secgan “to utter, say,” from P.Gmc. *sagjanan (cf. O.S. seggian, O.N. segja, O.Fris. sedsa, M.Du. segghen, Du. zeggen, O.H.G. sagen, Ger. sagen “to say”), from PIE *sokei-, probably from root *seq- “point out” (cf. Hitt. shakiya- “to declare,” Lith. sakyti “to say,” O.C.S. sociti “to vindicate, Past tense said developed from O.E. segde. Not attested in use with inanimate objects (clocks, signs, etc.) as subjects before 1930. You said it “you're right” first recorded 1919; you can say that again as a phrase expressing agreement is recorded from 1942, Amer.Eng. You don't say (so) as an expression of astonishment (often ironic) is first recorded 1779, Amer.Eng.

A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English by E. Partridge (2006):

pt and pp said (OE saegde), presp and vn saying and agent sayer (as in soothsayer);

saga; saw, a saying, a maxim; –cf the sep SEE, v.

1. ‘A say’ derives from ‘to say’, and ‘to say’ from ME sayen, seyen, earliest seggen, from OE secgan:

cf OS seggian, LG seggen, MD secgen, seggen, D zeggen, ON segia, to say, and the OFris nn sega, a speaker, sege, a speech, all from a Gmc r *sagja-, whereas OHG sagn (G sagen) comes from the var *sagai-: IE r, *sek- (varr *sak-, *sok-), to say, as in the OL imp insece, Tell, Relate (cf Gr ennepe, from ensepe); Lith sakti, to say; OB soiti, to notify; cf also, with h for s, the OW hepp, he says.

(Walshe; Hofmann.) 2. Akin to ON segia is ON saga, a story, adopted by E: cf the intimately related OHG saga (G Sage, a tale), OFris sege, OE sagu, a speech, a recital, the last yielding, via ME sawe, the E saw. [p. 2894].

2) Анализ и интерпретация лексикографической информации Изучение данных указанных словарей показывает, что ключевыми во всех толкованиях являются такие действия, характеризующие или описывающие природу say, как utter, pronounce, express, state. За этими действиями в свою очередь стоят следующие процессы:

utter – ‘to send forth as a sound; to give utterance to; to give public expression to; express in words’ [MWCD];

pronounce – ‘to employ the organs of speech to produce’ [MWCD];

express – ‘convey (a thought or feeling) in words or by gestures and conduct’ state – ‘express something definitely or clearly in speech or writing’ [OxDE];

‘to express the particulars of especially in words’ [MWCD].

При исследовании толкований обнаруживается, что восприятие say в англоязычном сообществе сводится главным образом к тому, что такие действия, как utter, pronounce, express, state выполняются/производятся неким деятелем (обычно человеком) посредством органов речи для создания words, в которых перемещаются/переносятся (convey in) различные thought, feeling, information (а также opinion, intention, instruction, idea и проч.), которые в свою очередь могут (пере)даваться без посредника, т.е. сами по себе, без words (см. в толкованиях ‘to give a general opinion’). Перемещение words осуществляется для того, чтобы кто-либо другой (reader, listener) принял/получил то, что в них содержится (см. в толкованиях understand – ‘to grasp the meaning of’ [MWCD]) или раскрыл/увидел то, что в них находится (см. в толкованиях reveal – ‘to open up to view’).

На основании этих установленных фактов восприятия say в англоязычном сообществе выявляются в итоге наиболее обобщенные концептуальные составляющие его содержания.

концептуального содержания знака-действия say, полученных в результате концептуального анализа лексикографических контекстов его описания:

SAYING IS AN EVENT OF PRODUCING SMTH. VALUABLE (ГОВОРЕНИЕ – ЭТО

ПРОИЗВОДСТВО НЕЧТО ЦЕННОГО);

COMMUNICANT (SAYER) IS AN AGENT-PRODUCER (КОММУНИКАНТ – ЭТО

ДЕЯТЕЛЬ-ПРОИЗВОДИТЕЛЬ);

COMMUNICANT (LISTENER/READER) IS A RECEPIENT (КОММУНИКАНТ

(СЛУШАТЕЛЬ/ЧИТАТЕЛЬ) – ЭТО РЕЦЕПИЕНТ);

WORD IS AN OBJECT (СЛОВО – ЭТО ОБЪЕКТ);

WORD IS A MOVING OBJECT (СЛОВО – ЭТО ДВИЖУЩИЙСЯ ОБЪЕКТ);

WORD IS A CONTAINER (СЛОВО – ЭТО ВМЕСТИЛИЩЕ);

WORD IS A VALUABLE RESOURCE (СЛОВО – ЭТО ЦЕННЫЙ РЕСУРС);

CONTENTS IS AN OBJECT (СОДЕРЖИМОЕ – ЭТО ОБЪЕКТ);

CONTENTS IS A MOVING OBJECT (СОДЕРЖИМОЕ – ЭТО ДВИЖУЩИЙСЯ

CONTENTS IS A VISIBLE/TANGIBLE OBJECT (СОДЕРЖИМОЕ – ЭТО

ВИДИМЫЙ/ОСЯЗАЕМЫЙ ОБЪЕКТ);

CONTENTS IS A VALUABLE RESOURCE (СОДЕРЖИМОЕ – ЭТО ЦЕННЫЙ

1.2. Этапы концептуального анализа знака-объекта book 1) Сбор лексикографических данных о знаке-объекте book:

The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1999):

«noun 1 a written or printed work consisting of pages glued or sewn together along one side and bound in covers: a book of selected poems | a book on cats. a literary composition that is published or intended for publication as such a work: the book is set in the 1940s | I'm writing a book. (one’s books) used to refer to studying: he is so deep in his books he would forget to eat. a main division of a literary work or of the Bible: the Book of Genesis. (also book of words) the libretto of a musical or opera, or the script of a play. (the book) the telephone directory for the area in which someone lives: is your name in the book? informal a magazine figurative an imaginary record or list (often used to emphasize the comprehensiveness of someone's actions or experience): she felt every emotion in the book of love. 2 [with modifier] a bound set of blank sheets for writing or keeping records in: an accounts book. (books) a set of records or accounts: a bid to balance the books. a bookmaker's record of bets accepted and money paid out. Soccer the notebook in which a referee writes the names of players who are cautioned for foul play. 3 a set of tickets, stamps, matches, samples of cloth, etc., bound together: a pattern book. (the book) the first six tricks taken by the declarer in a hand of bridge, after which further tricks count towards fulfilling the contract Origin: Old English bc (originally also ‘a document or charter’), bcian ‘to grant by charter’, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch boek and German Buch, and probably to beech (on which runes were carved) [p. 205].

The Longman Dictionary of English and Culture (2002):

«n 1 (a written work in the form of) a set of printed pages fastened together inside a cover, as a thing to be read: She’s writing a book on/about her travels in China. | They bought me a book for my birthday. | Have you read that book yet? | This book was first published in 1978. | a history book | a book of poems | Jane Austen’s ‘Persuasion’ is one of the set books for this year’s English exam. 2 a set of sheets of paper fastened together inside a cover, as a thing to be written in: an exercise book | a rent book (=in which a record of rent payments is kept) | an autograph book. 3 any collection of things fastened together, especially one with its own covers: a book of stamps/tickets/matches | a cheque book 4 one of the main divisions of a larger written work, such as a long poem or the Bible.

5 the words of a light musical play – compare LIBRETTO 6 according to/by the book according to the established rules rather than using your own ideas or methods: It’s safer to go by the book | to do everything strictly by the book. 7 bring someone to book to force someone to give an explanation, or to be punished: He was finally brought to book for fiddling the accounts. 8 in one’s book according to your own opinion or way of doing things: In my book this is not the way to handle it. » [p. 135].

The Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (2006):

«1 a : a set of written sheets of skin or paper or tablets of wood or ivory b : a set of written, printed, or blank sheets bound together into a volume c : a long written or printed literary composition d : a major division of a treatise or literary work e : a record of a business's financial transactions or financial condition – often used in plural 2 capitalized : bible 3 : something that yields knowledge or understanding 4 a : the total available knowledge and experience that can be brought to bear on a task or problem