«International Conference Science, Education and Business Cooperation: The Innovation Landscapes of Europe and Russia Programme and abstracts 25-27 ОКТЯБРЯ’13 Санкт-Петербург Международная научно-практическая конференция ...»

12:50 – 13: Valeriy Yanovskiy, Dmitriy Slesarev – Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Russia Яновский Валерий Витальевич, Слесарев Дмитрий Андреевич – Российская академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте РФ Инновационные аспекты развития региональной социально-экономической системы В докладе уточнена сущность понятия инновации, инновационной сферы и кластерных моделей развития социально-экономической системы региона, даны характеристики инновационной деятельности и классификация инновационных возможностей предприятия. Авторами предложен организационно-экономический механизм устойчивого социально-экономического развития территории как инструмент территориального планирования.

13:10 – 13: Vladimir Lukashov – St. Petersburg State University, Russia Лукашов Владимир Николаевич – Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Россия Некоторые аспекты совершенствования механизма экономико-инвестиционной проработки венчурных проектов Настоящее исследование вызвано в первую очередь практическими потребностями оценки высокотехнологических инноваций в ситуации углубляющейся экономической рецессии в развитых экономиках мира и направлено на совершенствование механизма экономико-инвестиционной проработки венчурных проектов; в частности – на разработку алгоритма применения метода «обратного соотношения «Цена/Прибыль»», для выставления адекватной ставки дисконтирования при экономико-инвестиционной проработке венчурных проектов.

Главная методологическая проблема применения данного подхода к выставлению ставки дисконтирования в современных нам условиях российской экономики – узость фондового рынка, зачастую не позволяющая найти группу открытых компаний отрасли инвестирования, акции которых хотя бы регулярно котировались фондовой биржей. Решение этой проблемы может лежать в плоскости определения указанных показателей («Цена» и «Прибыль») через их значения для крупных международных компаний, акции которых размещены на ведущих фондовых площадках мира. Однако, в этом случае, определяется ставка дисконтирования для открытых «долларовых» экономик, без учёта специфики российского рынка (т.е. так называемого «странового риска»), да и сама вменяемая проекту доходность альтернативного вложения будет детерминирована в валюте США. Таким образом, рассчитанный на основе данных открытых международных компаний, для российской компании показатель Е/Р должен быть скорректирован на величину российского «странового риска» и переведён в эквивалент рублёвой доходности. Подобную корректировку можно провести, отталкиваясь от результатов исследований известного американского экономиста Асвата Дамодарана.

13:25 – 14: Concluding discussion Bringing Companies, Universities and Public Authorities Together Organizer: Institute of Economics - Russian Academy of Sciences Chair: Nataliya Smorodinskaya, Institute of Economics - Russian Academy of Sciences Session secretary: Daniil Katukov, Institute of Economics - Russian Academy of Sciences Working language: English In conditions of enhanced globalization and sharply increased dynamism of communications, the world economy and all its sub-sectors are modifying their growth and organizational patterns. To become innovation-led and really post-industrial systems, both developed and developing economies have to transform their traditional industrybased structure into a more sophisticated one, based on clusters – groups of interconnected and interrelated industries (according to Porter’s classic definition). In Europe, where new cluster groups have been emerging since early 1990s, the effort to speed up clusterization and promote regional innovation clusters has finally become an underlying idea of national economic policies, as well as of the EU Strategy 2020.

However, not all of the agglomerations treated as innovation clusters, are true innovation ecosystems able to generate cluster-specific synergy effects in productivity growth. As theoretical findings and advanced European practices suggest, such effects largely depend on the model of network interactions within the cluster, and are the result of interactive collaboration between three institutional stakeholders, namely businesses, researchers (universities) and public authorities (Triple Helix model, as termed by Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff).

The session is devoted to cluster practices and policies, as currently developed in Europe and Russia. It will take the view of clusters as innovation ecosystems and highlight their cross-sector collaboration mechanisms. In this context, it is planned to discuss distinctions between clusters and other types of agglomerations, the institutional framework for successful cluster initiatives, cluster-based projects in Europe, and peculiarities of the Russian cluster program.

Институциональная среда для инновационных кластеров:

вопросы объединения усилий бизнеса, университетов и государства Организатор: Институт экономики РАН Председатель: Наталия Вадимовна Смородинская, Институт экономики РАН

Ученый секретарь: Катуков Даниил, Институт экономики РАН Рабочий язык: Английский Под влиянием глобализации и резко возросшего динамизма коммуникаций мировая экономика и все ее подсистемы видоизменяют не только прежнюю модель роста, но и свое организационное устройство. Для того чтобы реально стать инновационно-ориентированными и постиндустриальными, и развитые, и развивающиеся экономики должны перейти от традиционного отраслевого строения к более сложному, основанному на кластерах – как группах взаимосвязанных и взаимодействующих отраслей (в соответствии с классическим определением кластера М. Портера). В Европе, где новые кластерные группы активно образуются уже с начала 1990-х годов, политика содействия кластеризации экономики и развития территориальных инновационных кластеров сегодня стала базовой идеей национальных экономических курсов и стратегии ЕС «Европа 2020».

Вместе с тем, далеко не все кластерные агломерации, официально относимые к инновационным, действительно являются инновационными экосистемами, способными генерировать синергетические эффекты в наращивании производительности. Как свидетельствуют теоретические исследования и передовой европейский опыт, достижение таких эффектов в значительной мере связано с моделью сетевых взаимодействий между участниками кластера, в частности, с интерактивной сетевой кооперацией (понятие коллаборации) представителей трех институциональных секторов – бизнеса, науки/университетов и государства (модель «тройной спирали»

Ицковица-Лейдесдорфа).

Сессия посвящена особенностям кластерной политики и практики в сегодняшней Европе и России, с акцентом на рассмотрение кластеров как инновационных экосистем и площадки для коллаборации между тремя институциональными секторами. В этом контексте планируется обсудить различия между кластерами и другими типами агломераций, институциональную среду для продвижения успешных кластерных инициатив, кластерный подход в проектах развития Европы, специфику российской кластерной программы.

11:50 – 12: Introductory note 12:00 – 12: Keynote Sergiy Protsiv – Stockholm School of Economics, Sweden Сергей Процив – Стокгольмская школа экономики, Швеция Building innovation clusters: a combination of bottom-up and top-down approaches The concept of clusters as local agglomerations of interrelated firms and supporting organizations has been at the center of the policy debate for the past two decades. Nevertheless, the understanding of the concept remains somewhat vague as “clusters” often means different things to different people.

In this presentation, we will explore the two key processes of cluster lifecycle: conditions for the emergence of clusters, as well as policy action to support their development.

On the one hand, preconditions for clusters are often defined from the outset and range from favorable factor conditions (climate, presence of natural resources, etc.) to beneficial overall micro- and macroeconomic environment, as well as strong universities and other institutions. On the other hand, often, activities of firms within a fledgling cluster are not enough for sustainable development and policy support is needed to improve the overall regional business environment or create targeted cluster initiatives.

After setting the overall context we proceed to discuss the experience of creating and managing cluster organizations, as well as presenting findings from the new edition of the “Cluster Initiative Greenbook” co-authored by. Slvell, G. Lindqvist and C. Ketels (its 1st edition was published in 2003 and forwarded by M. Porter).

12:15 – 12: Keynote Sofia Rekord – St. Petersburg State Economic University, Russia София Рекорд – Санкт-Петербургский государственный экономический университет, Россия Modification of the development pattern of industrial-innovative clusters: from places to spaces Under the present exponential expansion of ICT, the cluster idea is evolving from a territorial to a spatial dimension, which focuses not only on virtualization of communications, but also on the ability of cluster networks to absorb numerous connections and relationships. Industrial-innovative clusters are acquiring the features of international cluster systems and gradually becoming new full-fledged actors in the world economy. This situation calls for a better study of inter-cluster interactions, as well as conditions for the integration of mental and institutional models of national cluster systems.

The report analyzes possible modifications in the development patterns of industrial-innovative clusters, depending on their regional specifics, and particularly, the ways of further evolution and internationalization of cluster networks in Europe and in the Asian-Pacific Region.

12:30 – 12: Keynote Evgeniy Kutsenko – National Research University - Higher School of Economics, Russia Куценко Евгений – НИУ – Высшая школа экономики, Россия Self-sustainable development of clusters: The basic principles VS Russian reality Russia launched the nationwide cluster programme in 2012. The selection of project initiatives to build pilot innovative clusters was the first phase of this program, which is continuing in 2013, as Russian government has defined the main tools for future support of such clusters.

Basically, the Russian cluster programme corresponds to its most successful foreign prototypes (first of all German ones). However, the selection of cluster initiatives and subsidizing them is insufficient. There is a high risk that the clusters with only formal cluster features (such as geographic concentration of actors, their belonging to one or related activities, the presence of diverse participants, etc.) will fail if the governmental support ends.

Worse still, such quasi clusters may even hinder innovative activity on the part of their participants.

The formation of a viable cluster strongly depends on a range of conditions that can be aggregated in three groups: proper ingredients, high density of interconnections and self-organization, and dominance of culture of change.

The report details the conditions for self-sustainable development of an innovation cluster and their compliance with the Russian realities. Are the pilot innovative clusters in Russia ready to move to self-sustainable development?

And what key challenges do they face on the way?

12:45 – 13: Daniil Katukov – Institute of Economics - Russian Academy of Sciences Катуков Даниил – Институт экономики РАН Cluster initiatives as a special economic project: European and Russian practices Cluster initiatives are organized efforts of business, government and/or academia to create clusters or increase their growth and competitiveness. Such projects differ greatly from traditional production or infrastructure projects, and, unlike these, cluster initiatives rely on a special pattern of network interactions (collaboration) between the three leading institutional sectors, known as the triple helix model.

The triple helix model describes inner transformation and new functional roles of academia, business and government, as well as the changing nature of their interactions under the general transition of economies towards innovation-led growth. Similar changes occur at the level of regional innovation clusters. We examine two complementary yet different theoretical concepts in applying this model: institutional approach, resting on economic sociology literature (as developed by Etzkowitz) and evolutionary approach, combing findings from theory of social systems and communication theory (as developed by Leydesdorff).

We also discuss differences between tactical and strategic activities within cluster initiatives. These activities are usually conducted by a cluster manager who supports collaboration and mutually agreed upon rules, and a cluster governance body that sustains common vision on the pathways of cluster development.

In this context, we examine the discrepancies revealed by our study between European and Russian cluster initiatives in terms of project membership, economic motivations of participants, manners of their interactions and forms of government support.

13:00 – 13: Artur Ziatdinov – Almetyevsk State Oil Institute, Russia Зиатдинов Артур Маратович – Альметьевский государственный нефтяной институт, Россия Innovative education clusters and the experience of establishing them in Tatarstan The present development of different types of economic systems (in Europe, North America and South East Asia) shows that clusters are a key tool for transition to more sustainable and innovative economies. The Republic of Tatarstan is not an exception in this process.

Tatarstan has successfully brought up a network of techno-towns and industrial parks that form a basis of regional innovation clusters that are emerging here in different production sectors, like petrochemicals, energy, automotive and aircraft industries (e.g., Kama innovative territorial industrial cluster). And recently the government has started the promotion of so-called education clusters that refer to unconventional type of clusters by Porter's classification.

Education clusters are producing a specific product – educational services. Unlike innovative industrial clusters engaged in the commercialization of scientific products of universities (new knowledge and technologies), education clusters are meant for enhancing the competitiveness of educational sphere itself, i.e. companies here are purchasing not products of universities but their educational and research services.

We observe Tatarstan’s policies and practices in building education clusters as compared to similar international experience, and we focus on these clusters’ institutional patterns based on the Triple Helix concept of Etzkowitz and Leydesdorf. As a more detailed case-study, we examine education clusters in the energy sector, since this sector is as one of the pillars of Tatarstan’s economy, and since its modernization within the whole of Russia demands the development of science and education at a national level.

13:15 – 13: Konstantin Aksenov – GS Group, Russia Аксенов Константин Эдуардович – ДжиЭсГрупп, Россия Challenges to the development of innovation clusters in Russia: the experience of ‘Technopolis GS’ in Kaliningrad Region The innovative cluster “Technopolis GS” located in Kaliningrad region has been initiated and developed by private business efforts since 2008. At the initial stage of its construction, the first priority was to solve applied problems of industrial development, therefore the cluster was located in a town with a population of 30000 at a distance of 110 km from Kaliningrad city. Today, this complex includes six production facilities as well as a design center.

By 2016, a research and development center, an education center, a living area and a business incubator will be built there.

Since 2010, in order to generate an “innovation rent”, Technopolis has started to actively attract talents and other representatives of the creative class, with the focus on building an innovation milieu and creative environment.

Following the classical model of innovation clusters, the Technopolis governance (in the form of its key investor) has started to think over how to bring the cluster community closer to a research and education centre, to obtain a source of creative personnel and updated research findings. To put it differently, we have faced a practical challenge of bringing a university culture closer to a town. To meet this challenge, we have started to search for an adaptable, conscious and reliable partner among Russian universities, andI. Kant Baltic Federal Universityhas become the first of these. The University’s staff revealed a great enthusiasm in cooperating with us, which resulted in launching two master’s degree programs specially tailored to the needs and development prospects of Technopolis GS.

13:30 – 13: Evgeniy Tishchenko – Irkutsk National Research State Technical University, Russia Тищенко Евгений Викторович – Национальный исследовательский Иркутский государственный технический университет, Россия Innovativeness of clusters: the role of technological platforms, functional reservoirs and information asymmetry.

Do modern regions remain functional nodes that generate knowledge and innovation? Seemingly, yes. Moreover, the ongoing technological paradigm shift, accompanied by present global turbulence, makes regional economies the epicentres of innovation activities, while technological platforms become a new communication instrument that facilitates knowledge spillovers and functions in close proximity to regional clusters.

As a result, one may observe a functional synthesis of local economies, technological platforms and innovation clusters, which together form a transboundary innovation landscape that goes across and beyond the administrative borders of regions. This helps us to understand the role of the Triple Helix relationships much wider than an interplay of three leading sectors within a local economy, namely universities, companies and authorities (according to initial idea of H. Etzkowitz). There appear double (cross-regional) triple helices that lead to the emergence of powerful transboundary cluster networks like, say, Medicon Valley or Emilia-Romagna.

Recent academic literature finds competitive advantages of Triple-helix-based clusters (as compared to other types of agglomerations) in their ability to generate both incremental and cumulative innovations, as well as in their collective adaptive behavior, also known as ‘agility’ (a cluster’s ability to manage with uncertainties by means of combining different resources and functional actors). Meanwhile, to better understand and explain these processes, one needs a whole range of methodological refinements, for example, to further develop Akerlof's hypothesis on information asymmetry to apply it to technological platforms and innovation clusters.

13:45 – 14: Concluding discussion Sustainable Relations between Universities & Business Organizations Organizer: Academy of Business in Society, Belgium Chairs: Joris Lenssen, Academy of Business in Society, Belgium Working language: English Today, we are living in what is called the “knowledge society” while also experiencing rapid change. The focus of this session is on how universities and companies can co-operate, not only to prepare graduates for the job market, but also to support companies in addressing constantly changing challenges and opportunities. In the past, universities focused on educating academics rather than preparing managers, engineers and administrators for the job market. While this emphasis has shifted, the obvious needs to be pointed out: graduates will only find jobs if their talents and skills match the needs of companies. What are required therefore, are a two-way communication, active stakeholder involvement, and long-term cooperation. Companies have to voice clearly what their requirements are in terms of education and skills, but they also need to be ready to invest in life-long learning. Universities, on the other hand, can support this process by listening to companies and opening up to co-operation. This is even more the case for business education. We will demonstrate how business schools integrate company voices in their day-to-day management, how companies are consulted with regards to curriculum design and how business schools can support companies through tailored programs and executive education.

Устойчивые отношения между университетами и бизнес-организациями Организатор: Академия Бизнеса в Обществе (ABIS), Бельгия Председатели: Йорис Ленссен, Академия бизнеса в обществе, Бельгия Юрий Благов, Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Россия Рабочий язык: Английский Общество, в котором мы сегодня живем, называют обществом знания. Для этого типа общества характерны стремительные изменения. В центре внимания данной сессии находится вопрос о том, как университеты и компании могут сотрудничать не только в рамках подготовки выпускников, но и с целью поддержки компаний в решении постоянно возникающих проблем и использовании новых возможностей. В прошлом университеты были, скорее, сосредоточены на подготовке ученых, нежели на обучении менеджеров, инженеров и администраторов для обеспечения потребностей рынка труда. Хотя положение дел изменилось, очевидно, что выпускники смогут найти работу только в том случае, если их таланты и навыки соответствуют потребностям компаний. Соответственно, необходима двусторонняя коммуникация, активное вовлечение заинтересованных сторон и долгосрочное сотрудничество. С одной стороны, необходимо, чтобы компании не только четко высказывали, каковы их требования с точки зрения образования и навыков, но и были готовы инвестировать в обучение сотрудников на протяжении всей жизни. С другой стороны, университеты могут поддержать этот процесс, прислушиваясь к требованиям компаний и становясь более открытыми для сотрудничества. Конечно, сказанное в первую очередь относится к бизнес-образованию. Мы покажем, как бизнес-школы интегрируют требования компаний в процессе оперативного управления, как они консультируются с компаниями при разработке программ и как бизнес-школы поддерживают компании, предоставляя индивидуальные программы и управленческое образование.

9:30 – 9: Session opening 9:40 – 10: Keynote Nick Lin-Hi – University of Mannheim, Germany Ник Лин-Хи – Университет Мангейма, Германия Competitive environments and the tension between short-term needs and investments in long-term success Corporations and academics have at least one thing in common: They operate in a competitive environment. To be successful in a competitive environment it is necessary both to handle short-term needs and also to make investments for long-term success. However, this is easier said than done, since short-term needs and long-term interests frequently contradict each other. Put differently, the increase in short-term competitiveness may reduce long-term competitiveness and vice versa. The tension between short-term needs, and investments in long-term success, is omnipresent. One of the main reasons for this tension is rooted in the fact that resources are usually limited. Thus, there is a need to use resources in an efficient way and to reduce the danger of wasting resources.

In the academic world, time is one of the most limited resources. Thus, there is the question as to how to allocate time effectively. Against this background the following question arises: Is it a promising idea to spend dedicate resources to participation in networks such as ABIS? In general, using resources for participation in networks does not increase one’s short-term competitiveness. Thus, a quick return, which improves short-term competitiveness, cannot be expected. However, participation in networks can turn into a good investment in the conditions of one’s future success. Therefore, this contribution aims to identify possible benefits of participations in networks in the long-run.

10:10 – 10: Aleksandr Rozanov – Moscow State University, Russia Розанов Александр Сергеевич – Московский государственный университет, Россия The role of business community and universities in the innovation driven economic development Human capital nowadays plays a key role in ensuring the competitiveness of the economy. The modern worker is acquiring features of the so-called “information” type which means the dominance of a highly-qualified labor.

The technological revolution has led to a revolutionary change in labor activities, which has required the rapid development of higher education and automatically significant increase in the level of a secondary education. It has also led to more active involvement of the business community in the implementation of innovative educational programs in order to build a knowledge-based economy. Modern universities need to train professionals who will easily adapt to changes in the global economy, and who have a whole range of practical knowledge in the field of business communications, risk management and business planning.

10:35 – 11: Gunnar Prause – Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia Гуннар Праузе – Таллиннский технический университет, Эстония University – Business interaction in times of demographic change An important issue in the related discussions is that, in the globalised knowledge society, the competitiveness and prosperous development of regions depends heavily on local strengths and innovations. Universities play an important role in regional development – helping regional enterprises to compete in the global economy. However, education and innovation are not the only important factors. Indeed, the socio-economic environment is crucial for successful and sustainable regional development as well. Especially in times of demographic change, success in the global competition of brains depends highly on the attractiveness of regions and regional “soft” factors.

This is especially the case in Eastern and Central Eastern Europe, where a lot of regions are suffering from weaknesses in soft factors and innovations, and this, in turns, leads to brain drain and dramatic demographic changes.

This paper highlights new models and the results of successful university – business interaction in the context of demographic change with a special focus on the Baltic Sea Region, emphasising the role of universities as a driving force in regional soft factor development.

11:00 – 11: Olga Litvak – University of Konstanz, Germany Ольга Литвяк – Констанцский университет, Германия Universities vs. market: what drives policy change in higher education?

Current research into higher education policy addresses policy change in this field from different theoretical approaches. This paper aims to discuss change in higher education policy as a rational market-driven change, an answer to the call of the global market for qualified labor. This approach also supposes changes in the structure and management of universities, as they focus on making and raising money and collaborating with business.

Within this framework, quality assessment programmers play a vital role for the universities, as a university which secures for itself the status of elite or “top-rated” is able to secure the flow of students and money. As universities rationally assess the costs and benefits of organisational changes and their behaviour towards potential customers, they initiate changes in order to compete on the market for students, who are regarded as a source of private funding. Changes on the market also influence the choices of the students, as they are interested in finding good jobs after graduation. Thus higher education policy is shaped by competitive interaction between different actors:

the state, universities and business.

11:25 – 11: Concluding discussion 11:50 – 12: Oemer Beyhan – Necmettin Erbakan University, Turkey Омер Бейхан – Университет Некметтина Ербакана, Турция Faculty of Education – Industry collaboration for suitable training environments In recent decades most of the countries that offer teacher education seem less concerned with the current needs and the development needed for schools and industry (real life), rather they just design the curriculum as per the decision of members of the board or senate. Generally, the board does not want to discuss the details with the nominees, or experienced teachers, or school managers. These results in big gaps for the education operators, especially newly qualified teachers. In order to prepare suitable training programs and job-ready teachers, we need to collect the trainee teachers’ perceptions on their trainers and teachers. In this context, it is essential to stipulate what constitutes an undesirable environment in terms of the trainees’ perceptions. An “undesirable environment” for practice is defined as an environment where there is behavior which is not suitable for the situation or the environment, but where this behavior is consciously acted out. In this study, it is aimed to determine the views of pupils on undesirable behaviors by teachers in their apprenticeship program. The population of this research is 380 students who study in NE Education faculty 7th semester, students in the academic year 2012– in Konya. This paper tries to find ways to create synergetic partnerships between the faculty of education and industry for a win-win situation for both the sides. It revealed that pupil perceptions are ranged in two groups between “strongly disagree” with the interval 1.00–1.80, and “disagree” with the interval 1.81–2.60.

12:15 – 12: Ellina Esipova, Olga Semenova, Andrey Shuinov – International Institute of Management LINK, Russia Есипова Эллина Юрьевна, Семенова Ольга Константиновна, Шуинов Андрей Владимирович – НОУ ВПО Международный институт менеджмента ЛИНК, Россия The influence of business education on the mechanisms of innovation origin In the market for business education (BE) offer is expanding quicker than the demand. The structure of the markets changing and the key factors for success in it are changing as well. Developing a good understanding of certain mechanisms for enriching educational programs, and then constructing such programs, could become success factors for schools, and answer the clients’ growing expectations. One of the results of program enrichment should be stimulation of innovation processes initiated by students/graduates. While the role of BE in technical innovations is mainly evaluated in terms of stable links between universities and research centers, the multiple influence of BE on management innovations is obvious. To enhance the positive dynamics, more research is needed into the influence of BEonNIS, so the role of university science is significant. The relevant research might prove extremely useful, because better understanding of the mechanisms which show promise would stimulate the proper effects at lower costs. BE factors are illustrated by the experience of the oldest Russian business school – International Institute of Management LINK – a long-term partner of OUBS (UK). These factors act as a catalyst for innovations in enterprises. The mechanisms of this influence are analyzed, and this analysis should allows a set of systems to be constructed inside the educational organization for more intensive use of the intrinsic innovation potential which is already present in BE programs.

12:35 – 13: Tatiana Dmitrieva – Far Eastern Federal University, Russia Дмитриева Татьяна Владимировна – Дальневосточный Федеральный Университет, Россия A non-traditional component in the psychological aspect of business education: experience of implementation Nowadays the topic of business education in Russia is much discussed, and this is related to the need for a transition from reacting to societal demands, to being proactive. In this paper, we argue that business education involves not only acquisition of technical managerial skills, but also enhancement of personality potential.

The quality of a manager is not reducible to skills and knowledge, but assumes properties like initiative, creativity and reflexivity. These characteristics are known in psychology as aspects of subjectiveness. Subjectiveness, and the means of its development, are well researched in psychology. However, in business education the psychological aspect of education is limited to the training in “leadership skills” and the like. In this connection, we discuss the importance of enriching the content and techniques of business education. We present an innovative educational technique which aims to enrich business students’ subjective professional experience.

The role of the pedagogue in this process is to incorporate certain psychological and methodological information in the educational process. The proposed approach tackles a number of problems in the process of business education:

over-academism, an imbalance of practical and theoretical components, lack of practical business experience etc.

The principles of this approach, methodical issues and examples of implementation are discussed here.

13:00 – 13: Olga Nikiforova – St. Petersburg State University, Russia Никифорова Ольга Александровна – Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Россия Professional self-determination of graduates from universities: combining efforts of business and education The traditional point of view on the professional self-determination of youth is that this is dependent on market conditions. However, modern research in the field is guided by the socio-cultural approach to professional selfdetermination – seeing it as a social action taking into account factors such as: socialization, network relationship, cultural capital and other factors. This represents a wider approach in comparison with the purely economic methodology.

According to the results of research carried out in 2013, the transformation of the higher education system in Russia, connected with a transition to Bachelor and Master degrees, has become one of the key factors influencing the formation of professional views of youngsters as well as the employers’ attitude to recent graduates.

The report will be devoted to the analysis of the influence of higher education on processes of professional selfdetermination among graduates from Russian universities, and their assessment by business structures.

13:25 – 13: Dmitry Zaytsev – St. Petersburg State University, Graduate School of Management, Russia Dmitrii Sorokin – Higher School of Economics, Russia Зайцев Дмитрий – ВШМ, Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Россия Сорокин Дмитрий – НИУ - Высшая школа экономики, Россия The role of case competitions in collaboration between educational institutions and business organizations In recent years, globalization of businesses has occurred faster than the internationalization of business schools – in terms of faculty, students, and curriculum. As a result, nowadays there is a gap between global economic realities and the ability of business schools to produce globally-oriented managers.

In this study, we propose that case competition is an effective recruitment tool for global companies. Indeed, in developed countries, case competitions organized by large companies are an effective tool to search for potential candidates for analysis-based jobs.

However, in Russia, case competitions are usually managed by specialized independent companies. We analyse the current state of the problem-based education market in Russia using the example of Changellenge – one of the largest organizers of case competitions.

Furthermore, we show the functions of the dominant market players and the need for a mediator between educational institutions and businesses. Using a survey of Changellenge clients, we determined the positive role of case competitions in firms’ recruiting processes.

The findings and results of this study can (1) provide support for important management decisions in the recruitment industry and (2) help students to gain real-world experience.

13:50 – 14: Concluding discussion 16:40 – 17: Alevtina Zyuban – St. Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation, Russia Зюбан Алевтина Васильевна – Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет аэрокосмического приборостроения, Россия The innovative structures of universities as a form of integration of science, business and education Executive bodies of the government at different levels play an essential role in the creation and functioning of mechanisms of exchange and transfer of technologies. These bodies make a significant contribution to institutional systems and to the support of scientific activity by individuals. They can contribute by creating innovative centers, and science and technology parks; promoting innovative processes; developing special programs of which provide credit, subsidies and other innovative forms of financial support. Such initiatives are regarded as elements of regional development programmes.

Thus, favourable conditions for innovation are created by the joint efforts of central, federal, and regional authorities. Support and development of innovation in St. Petersburg is carried out on the basis of various competitions to find the best innovative projects. The creation of innovative structures with the participation of scientific organizations, universities and different industries with the support of the Russian and European programs at various levels is an example of this type of association.

Thus, the quality of training of specialists in higher educational institutions in Russia can be increased by means of scientific research in the fields which are considered high-priority; integration between education, science and business; strengthening the measures aimed at the development of innovative activity of universities, and support for joint international projects.

17:05 – 17: Ilya Shkurikhin – Innovations in communication, Russia Шкурихин Илья Андреевич – АНО Инновации в коммуникациях, Россия Business collaboration with university research: some aspects of interrelations It is not a secret that businessmen seek their own profit from every kind of activity. We can imagine two general types of benefit from interrelations with universities: (1) to improve the qualifications of their work force and; (2) to apply scientific knowledge to their business process. In our report we examine the second of these.

The main problem in the provision of grants for university research lies in the difference of aims between the academic institutions – who must produce general knowledge that is open for everybody; and companies, who have an interest in private knowledge which they can use to improve their market positions.

Some giant corporations, like Google, Apple, Microsoft, solve this problem by creating special departments where they carry out necessary investigations. For other companies, implementing such a measure is too expensive, so they prefer to establish temporary contracts with scientists.

Stability in economic and education spheres may be guaranteed by fulfilling some requirements. First of all, there is the economic precondition from both sides: the growing demand for knowledge in the running of a successful business, on the one side, and, on the other side, the necessity of universities to earn money. Secondly, the presence of social trust between businessmen and scientists. The third requirement is that business and universities need to have the legal possibility of choosing among different forms of cooperation.

17:30 – 17: Changcheng Zhou – Wuhan University, China Чангченг Чжоу – Уханьский университет, Китай A study on the role of Industrial Technology Research Institute in building sustainable relations between university and industry in China With the rapid development of China’s economy, constructing the national innovation system has become a task of vital importance to maintain the current growth momentum.

Through integrating the diverse resources from universities and business organizations, the Industrial Technology Research Institute can serve as a new organic part of the innovation system, aimed at promoting the application of the fruits of scientific research in industrial fields.

Taking the cooperation between Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology (WHBIO) and Wuhan University as an example, this paper describes the comprehensive and open characteristics of the cooperation, followed by an analysis of the Industrial Technology Research Institutes’ internal utility (enhancing the self-dependent innovation capacity of the business organizations and universities) and external utility (improving the economic environment at regional level).

Thirdly, the current problems prohibiting the process of cooperation are pointed out, including the institutional factors and effective communication factors. Finally, this paper emphasizes the “technological incubator role” of the Industrial Technology Research Institute, and proposes policy suggestions to address the above mentioned problems in order to promote the sustainable cooperation between university and industry.

17:55 – 18: Agnieszka Mlodzinska-Granek – University of Wroclaw, Poland Агнешка Млоджинска-Гранек – Вроцлавский университет, Польша Creating partnerships in the field of academic entrepreneurship Cooperation between science and business is one of the priority foundations in creating regional and state innovation strategies. Academies have become part of the economy, where innovation and entrepreneurship determine the growth of competitiveness. The described phenomenon is part of the stream called academic entrepreneurship, which is one of the key elements of the knowledge-based economy. Academic entrepreneurship is an interdisciplinary theme that comprises entities functioning in the economic, social and political spheres. There are many mechanisms which can influence its development in a positive way. One of them is the creation of partnerships in research and development policies. Cooperation supporting academic entrepreneurship is the key research field presented in the article. The key objective of the article is the analysis of the way the cooperation is being created in the context of the development of academic entrepreneurship. Through an analysis, the author aims to answer the question of about how, and if at all, the partnerships supporting academic entrepreneurship are being created in the public-private sphere. Furthermore, the author attempts to learn, what could be the models of cooperation in innovation policies, emphasizing the possibilities of their implementation in Poland.

18:20 – 19: Concluding discussion Bridging Innovation Landscapes across National Borders:

Room 37 – Faculty of Economics of St. Petersburg State University Organizers: Centre for Independent Social Research (CISR), Russia Chair: Riitta Kosonen, Aalto University School of Business, Finland Working language: English In the emerging globalized knowledge economy, the competitiveness of national economies is increasingly determined by their capacity to exploit the opportunities for cross-border innovation cooperation. The session seeks to explore the phenomenon of the cross-border innovation spaces that have been formed in recent decades in different geographical locations. On the one hand, the spatial closeness of two innovative regions provides opportunities for the development of regional innovation landscapes on both sides of the border. The positive effect of such an innovative neighborhood may include increasing cross border cooperation, multiple international programs and initiatives for business and scientific collaboration. On the other hand, this closeness highlights the potential differences between the neighboring innovation ecosystems, and makes the competition between the regions more intensive. This applies equally to the regionally-specific models of interactions between the main components of innovation systems (science, education, business and the government), which are predetermined by the broader institutional and cultural contexts.

We invite papers based on original research focusing on the broad range of issues related to the formation of cross-border innovation landscapes, and their consequences for the economic and social development of the regions. We also welcome papers based on comparative analysis of neighboring regional innovation systems, including their core elements, and different models of interaction between them. Particularly welcomed are the papers focusing on the comparative analysis of small innovative businesses in these regions.

Трансграничные инновационные ландшафты: проблемы и возможности Организаторы: Центр независимых социологических исследований (Санкт-Петербург), Россия Школа бизнеса Университета Аалто (Хельсинки), Финляндия Председатель: Риитта Косонен, Школа бизнеса Университета Аалто, Финляндия Рабочий язык: Английский В современной глобальной экономике знаний конкурентоспособность национальных экономик все больше определяется их способностью использовать возможности трансграничной инновационной кооперации. В предлагаемой сессии мы планируем рассмотреть феномены трансграничных инновационных пространств, которые формируются в последнее десятилетие в различных европейских географических локальностях.

С одной стороны, пространственная близость предоставляет дополнительные возможности для развития инновационных ландшафтов по обе стороны границы. Позитивные стороны подобного инновационного соседства могут включать возрастающую трансграничную кооперацию, многочисленные международные программы и инициативы для научного и экономического сотрудничества. С другой стороны, территориальная близость делает более очевидными потенциальные различия соседствующих инновационных экосистем, ужесточает конкуренцию между регионами. Это относится в первую очередь к различиям региональных моделей взаимодействия между основными компонентами инновационных систем (наука, образование, бизнес и государство), которые в свою очередь предопределяются более широким институциональным и культурным контекстом.

Для участия в сессии приветствуются статьи, основанные на оригинальных исследованиях широкого спектра вопросов, связанных с формированием транснациональных инновационных ландшафтов и их последствий для экономического и социального развития регионов. Мы также приветствуем сравнительные исследования инновационных систем соседствующих регионов, их ключевых элементов и различных моделей взаимодействия между ними. Особенно приветствуются исследования, фокусирующиеся на сравнительном анализе малого инновационного бизнеса.

9:30 – 10: Anastasiya Grigoreva – St. Petersburg State University, Russia Григорьева Анастасия Сергеевна – Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Россия Cross-border diffusion of innovations: a network analysis of the interaction between German and Russian companies in the field of RFID How do firms enter new markets and apply business networks in different countries? Responding to this question, this paper analyzes the impact of network relationships on the process of internationalization of small and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs) in different cultures based on an online survey of production and distribution managers in 92 German and 32 Russian companies in the field of RFID. RFID is a wireless method of data transmission, allowing users to identify information about marked products (Daniel, 2007). Hence, RFID is a highly innovative product, enabling network companies to reduce logistics and staff costs (Wolfram, 2008). Despite the increasing theoretical contributions on networks and internationalization, there is a lack of literature which deals with the influence of national networks on the success of innovative SMEs internationalization process from the perspective of a cross-cultural analysis. As a result, the guiding questions of this paper are the following:

How are RFID producers integrated into networks in Russia and Germany?

What are the main characteristics of such networks and how do they differ from each other?

How do networks influence the process of SMEs’ internationalization?

What kind of conditions should be developed for a successful internationalization within the network?

10:00 – 10: Maria Savoskul – Moscow State University, Russia Савоскул Мария Сергеевна – Московский государственный университет, Россия Transnational social spaces of highly skilled migrants from post-Soviet countries in Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main is one of the most popular cities for highly skilled migrants from all over the world. Foreigners (not born in Germany) represent 30% of the total population in Frankfurt. The paper is based on the results of empirical research of highly skilled migrants from post-Soviet countries in Frankfurt (among them Bank and University Employees). In summer 2013, 20 deep interviews were made, analyzing social networks and transnational social spaces of highly skilled migrants. We will analyze different types of social adaptation depending on gender, age, employment, and each individual’s story of migration. As a theoretical approach we will use the research of Anna Lee Saxenian “The new Argonauts Regional Advantage in a Global Economy” (2006). It is focused on “brain drain” migration and the new process of “brain circulation” as migrants who have worked in USA and Canada in the information technology (IT) sector return to their home countries for new opportunities. We are looking for the parallels between results of the research by A.L. Saxenian and our research in Germany. The main research question is whether it is possible to speak about “brain circulation” in the relation of highly skilled post-Soviet migrants in Frankfurt.

10:30 – 11: Marina Spirina – Interregional Institute of Economy and Law at the Inter-parliamentary Assembly of the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC), Russia Спирина Марина Юрьевна – Межрегиональный институт экономии и права при Межпарламентской Ассамблее ЕврАзЭС, Россия Traditional culture in shaping innovative landscapes The formation of an innovative landscape is impossible without the support of traditional culture. By traditional culture, we mean not the widespread perception of this as an agrarian culture, but the phenomenon, the occurrence of which is connected with appearance and development of the person. Traditional or folk culture is poorly studied, but constantly attracts the attention of scientists and practitioners in the field of economics, politics, law, art, medicine, social and cultural activities. It has accumulated the vast historical experience of self-improvement and development of man, society, and state. Today, it is difficult to overestimate the role of the traditional culture in a globalizing world. This is a context in which the world is returning to mythologized consciousness, and expanding the scope of visual culture. The globalised system includes various ethnocultural communities, which are facing new challenges and looking for ways to solve them. It is necessary to introduce objective scientific knowledge about the traditional culture, based on detailed studies, into academic circulation and practical activities of shaping innovative landscapes.

11:00 – 11: Sergey Balandin – Open Innovations Association FRUCT Баландин Сергей Игоревич – Ассоциация открытых инноваций FRUCT Finnish-Russian cooperation in Karelia ENPI Programme: KA-179, KA-322, KA-432 projects We present results and findings of more than two years of cooperation between Finland and Russia in Karelia and Oulu regions. Our core team consists of Petrozavodsk State University, University of Oulu and FRUCT Oy, and partners: Saint-Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation - Russian Academy of Sciences, Tourist Information Center of Republic of Karelia and Ministry of Health and Social Development of Karelia. The main objective of the projects is to create ICT infrastructure and a regional competence incubator. This should result in the formation of a set of well-prepared teams capable of doing challenging independent research, development and entrepreneurship with the aim of these results being then adopted by industry. The first project is aimed at creating general R&D lab infrastructure, building local teams with up-to-date competences and contacts, improved visibility and cooperation ties with the leaders of ICT industry. The second project aims to research and implement pilots schemes for a set of e-tourism services that will help to make the region more attractive for tourists. The aim of the third project is to improve the quality of life of persons with disabilities by improving their mobility, facilitate access to in-home, residential and other services, and prevent isolation or segregation from the community by help of advanced user-friendly ICT services.

11:50 – 12: Irlan Iskakov – Center for Eurasian Integration at the Inter-parliamentary Assembly of the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC) Искаков Ирлан Жангазыевич – Центр евразийской интеграции при Межпарламентской Ассамблее ЕврАзЭС Eurasian scientific-educational consortium as a way of creating the trans-border innovation landscape Eurasian integration is becoming a more and more attractive international project. It is expanding the directions of its development. A scientific and educational consortium, as an innovative form of interaction between science and education, can be created in one country, and by the representatives of different countries. The proposed model includes universities and research institutions of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia and a number of European States. The prospect for the further development is inclusion of representatives of the business community. The Model Eurasian consortium maintains the most widespread system of open distance education. Its distinguishing feature is the inclusion of scientific centres and research institutes. Their participation allows the latest results from the development of fundamental and applied science to be included in the content of educational activities. Thus professional training of future specialists for the Common economic space may be modernized. The model of the international educational consortium in Eurasia, combining scientific research and higher educational institutions of the 20th century, shows one of the effective ways of forming the landscape of trans-border innovation.

12:10–12: Silvia Dimova – Joint Research Centre at European Commission, Italy Димова Сильвиа – Объединенный исследовательский центр Европейской комиссии, Италия Eurocodes: opportunity for cross-border science, education and business cooperation The Eurocodes are a set of standards for structural design, which has been recently implemented in the EU and EFTA Member States. The world-wide interest in implementation of the Eurocodes is based on the opportunity to have a new common standardization environment, which is adaptable to the particular requirements of each country and region. Valuable and positive exchanges between EU and Russian authorities and experts have been established in the framework of the EU – Russia Regulatory Dialogue/ Construction Sector Subgroup, and at four workshops on the Eurocodes held in Russia and EU, Italy. Moscow State University of Civil Engineering organizes three training courses on the Eurocodes and has translated eight designers’ guides. These information exchange activities opened the door for future reinforced cooperation: three working groups with Russian and EU experts have been created to facilitate the national application of the Eurocodes for bridges in Russia; the Joint Research Centre and the Moscow State University of Civil Engineering are preparing a Memorandum of Understanding on scientific and technical cooperation. It is intended to expand the cooperation between EU and Russia in complementary mutually beneficial areas, such as fire resistance, accidental actions, assessment and retrofitting of existing structures, energy and resource efficiency.

12:30 – 12: Tatyana Vertinskaya – The Institute of Economics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus Вертинская Татьяна Сергеевна – Институт экономики Национальной академии наук Беларуси Innovation potential of small and medium-sized towns in Byelorussia in the context of Belorussian-Russian transborder collaboration The initial methodological preconditions of an assessment of innovative development of small and mediumsized towns (SMT) and the development of mechanisms of cross-border integration communications in the innovative sphere include the following regulations: first, the idea of cross-border cooperation as a specific form of international economic relations; secondly, the accounting of the features of innovative processes which consist of localization at the level of the town economy, only several stages of an innovative cycle; demand and use of innovations of lower order connected with management process, the sphere of municipal economy; thirdly, use of various methodical tools for identification of the level of innovative development of the small and medium towns. The offered practical aspects of inclusion in cross-border innovative space of economy of the small and medium towns assume: priority to information and communication technologies as conditions of increase of level of education of members of local community and formation of cross-border networks of the small and medium towns; strengthening of specialization of economy of SMT focused on their competitive advantages; realization of cluster approach to innovative development of economy, including participation in schemes of cross-border cluster structures; use of the tool of the international Associations.

12:50 – 13: Nadezhda Zhuk – Institute for Regional Studies - Russian Academy of Sciences Жук Надежда Петровна – ФГБУН Институт проблем региональной экономики РАН Finnish-Russian cross-border cooperation: interaction of innovation systems Globalization plays a crucial role in the evolution of the process of development of innovation. Modern innovations are being developed in the conditions of the open global economy – this is characterized by open markets, high levels of competition, and global communication systems, which increase the speed of innovation creation and diffusion. In spite of the influence of globalization, the regional innovation systems still experience the influence of the territorial particularities of cross-border location. In this paper we observe the process of cross-border cooperation in the innovation sphere on the Finnish-Russian border through the prism of the starting conditions for cross-border cooperation. Here we take into account macro processes such as European integration or the collapse of the USSR. The influence of macro processes on regional economies is the most significant, especially in the border regions of EU and Russia. The issues for study are specific policies, business processes, and readiness for innovation acceptance in the sphere of cross-border cooperation from both sides. We consider the background of cross-border cooperation as an important aspect in the concept of the interaction between different regional innovation systems. The paper also attempts to describe the strategies of interaction, and the stages of development of the regional innovation interaction process, on the Finnish-Russian border.

13:10 – 13: Liliana Proskuryakova – National Research University - Higher School of Economics, Russia Проскурякова Лилиана Николаевна – НИУ Высшая школа экономики, Россия Collaborative research in energy efficiency and renewable energy: evidence from 5 years of US-Russian research cooperation We review the outputs of research and innovation cooperation between Russia and the US, including publications and patents, in four promising areas of energy efficiency and renewable energy during 2007–2011. Joint US-Russia research groups appear to focus primarily on hydrogen energy (fuel cells), followed by solar photovoltaics. The upcoming areas of smart grid and biofuels were left out entirely both from research and innovation collaboration.

Russian patents in green energy technologies registered in the US are very low in comparison to those from Japan, Korea, and China.

13:30 – 14: Concluding discussion Scientometrics at the Service of Science, Technology, and Business Room 80 – Faculty of Economics of St. Petersburg State University Organizer: National Research University - Higher School of Economics at St. Petersburg, Russia Commentator: Daniel Alexandrov, Higher School of Economics at St. Petersburg, Russia Working language: English Driven by assessment initiatives, scientometric methods have become a fruitful evaluation tool for scientists, and technology and business administrators. Scientometrics includes quantitative analysis of science and industry indicators, and the study of the information system emerging in the interaction of these two spheres. This panel debates the pros and cons of using scientometrics to address the burning issues of knowledge production and transfer. The quantitative analyses of indicators and bibliometric data reveal how the worldwide information and communication systems of science, technology, and business, shape innovations. The scientometric evaluation methods illuminate the roots of innovations, patent growth and technology commercialization activities in new and often interdisciplinary fields of science and technology. However, researchers and analysts face challenges when applying scientometric methods to the evaluation of multisectoral and multidisciplinary research of the kinds being discussed in this conference. The panel will also consider the drivers pushing for the use of scientometric indicators in management and policy-making in science, technology and business and discuss the directions of future research.

The panel will address the following questions:

1. What are the benefits/limitations (and alternatives) of using scientometric tools in evaluating science, technology and industry development?

2. What are the challenges of using bibliometric research in multisectoral collaborations?

3. How do scientometric tools help monitor the information system at the intersection of science and business?

4. What are the promising directions of using scientometrics for innovation research?

Организатор сессии: НИУ – Высшая Школа Экономики в Санкт-Петербурге, Россия Комментатор: Александров Даниил Александрович, НИУ – Высшая Школа Экономики Рабочий язык: Английский Сегодня наукометрия является важным инструментом, с помощью которого ученые и менеджеры могут осуществлять экспертизу и оценку в системе наука–технология–бизнес. Наукометрические методы позволяют анализировать пути совместного развития науки и промышленности и описывать информационный комплекс, который возникает при их интеграции. В частности, количественный анализ библиометрических данных показывает, как всемирные информационные и коммуникативные системы науки, техники и бизнеса влияют на инновации. В рамках сессии будут обсуждаться преимущества и недостатки использования наукометрии для решения актуальных вопросов создания и распространения знания. Сессия направлена на описание наукометрических методов, которые могут быть задействованы в исследовании инноваций, роста патентов и коммерциализации технологий в новых – и зачастую междисциплинарных – областях науки и техники. Одним из важных вопросов является использование наукометрии в оценке многоотраслевых и междисциплинарных исследований, так как именно здесь исследователи и аналитики часто сталкиваются с многочисленными трудностями. На сессии также предлагается рассмотреть факторы, которые способствуют включению наукометрических методов в управление наукой, технологиями и бизнесом, и оценить перспективы наукометрических исследований.

Ключевые вопросы сессии, выносимые на обсуждение:

1. Каковы преимущества, ограничения и альтернативы в использовании наукометрических методов в оценке развития интеграции науки, технологии и промышленности?

2. Какие проблемы возникают при использовании библиометрических методов в исследовании межсекторальных партнерств?

3. Каким образом наукометрические инструменты могут послужить анализу информационного комплекса, который возникает на пересечении науки и бизнеса?

4. Каковы перспективные направления использования наукометрии в изучении инноваций?

9:30 – 9: Introduction 9:40 – 10: Keynote Diana Hicks – Georgia Institute of Technology, USA Даяна Хикс – Технологический институт штата Джорджия, США Scientometric visualization of the impact of Department of Energy research on firm innovation This talk will illustrate the potential of scientometric analysis to identify emerging areas of technology, and trace the role of government agencies in supporting innovation in companies. Patent co-citation analysis was used to work with the cumulative, networked structure of scientific and technical knowledge in a way that makes visible the contributions to the innovation ecosystem made by a large, complex US Federal agency, the Department of Energy’s Office of Science. Narrative visualization will be used to illustrate the potential of multimedia content to enhance understanding and impact of such analyses.

10:00 – 10: Keynote Ismael Rafols – Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain Измаэль Рафлс – Политехнический университет Валенсии, Испания Towards indicators for ‘opening up’ science and technology policy Recent years have seen much critical debate over the simplistic use of scientometric tools for formal or informal appraisal of science and technology organizations (e.g. in university rankings) or individuals (e.g. the h-index). As a reaction to these critiques, efforts have been made to improve the robustness of measurements by broadening the range of inputs considered in scientometric evaluations. While this ‘broadening out’ of the range of data used as ‘inputs’ in scientometric appraisal is commendable, a second dimension also needs to be considered: the ‘outputs’ of appraisal ‘open up’ contrasting conceptualizations of the phenomena under scrutiny, consequently allowing for more considered and rigorous attention to alternative policy options, both by decision makers, and within wider policy debate. This paper uses a recent comparative study on the performance and interdisciplinarity of six organizational units to illustrate the difference between increasing the range of inputs (‘broadening out’) and enhancing the diversity of outputs to policy decision making (‘opening out’). In this way, policy appraisal can inform decision making in a more rigorous ‘plural and conditional’ fashion – acknowledging the way in which divergent normative assumptions and metrics can yield contrasting understandings of both the phenomena under scrutiny, and of appropriate policy responses.

10:20 – 10: Questions 10:30 – 10: Irina Nikiforova – National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russia Никифорова Ирина – НИУ Высшая школа экономики, Россия Valuation of bibliometric data: extracting value from counts, ratings and indices Bibliometric databases have accumulated a vast amount of seemingly limited data about research activities in various disciplines. Such databases have become an invaluable and accessible resource for researchers studying S&T. A continuing question has been how useful are these data in different economic sectors, and to different business partners, especially after the Institute for Scientific Information was acquired by Thomson Reuters. Using insights from valuation studies, the paper analyzes efforts to extract value from counts, ratings, and indices and produce information products (based on the Thomson Reuters’ Web of Science, Journal Citation Reports, Essential Science Indicators, and data collected for the study of computer science) as a social practice of evaluation and value construction using bibliometric data. It takes a critical view on bibliometric research, and assesses its use and usefulness to different parties. In addition, it raises issues related to commensurability and comparativeness of bibliometric indicators and uncertainty when interpreting them and comparing countries, organizations, authors, and disciplines. Creating products, assigning value and finding customers may be a familiar business practice but working with information intelligently to create new information or information products is a continuing challenge for researchers, information companies and data brokers.

10:45 – 11: Julia Markova – Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics of Knowledge Маркова Юлия Владимировна – Институт статистических исследований и экономики знаний, Россия Geographical space of scientific publications in Russia (Web of Science 1990–2010) After 1990 Russian science experienced important social, economic and symbolic changes. Today it has to function in a completely different social context which poses new questions for social studies of science in Russia. One of the main indicators describing the state of scientific research is publication activity of scientists.

Nowadays, bibliometrics has become an important tool for science studies. But in most cases, Russian science is studied as a whole – without the analysis of its structure. In this research we analyze the geographical structure of Russian science as it is presented in the citation database Web of Science. The main foci of this study are:

1. The dynamic of scientific production of the main Russian scientific cities (Moscow, Saint-Petersburg, Novosibirsk and so on).

2. The analysis of the role of the main cities in general scientific production in Russia (evolution or conservation).

3. The verification of the hypothesis of de-concentration of scientific production in Russia during post-soviet period.

11:00 – 11: Konstantin Fursov – National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russia Фурсов Константин Сергеевич – НИУ Высшая школа экономики, Россия Measuring R&D performance beyond scientometrics: scope and perspectives for integration and using statistical data Measuring R&D performance is often associated with assessment of the publication (and more rarely, patent) activity of research organizations, groups or individuals. The widening implementation of this approach is caused not only by well-established traditions in this field of studies and key advantages of using bibliometric data (quality, accuracy, reliability, regular update, etc.), but also by growing demand from policymakers for particular indicators of publication activity. At the same time, other characteristics of scientific development (resources, infrastructure capabilities, innovation potential, etc.) are often considered as a self-contained topic, and vice-versa professional discussions on statistical measurement of R&D, until recently, put aside problem of accounting scientific outputs.

The question is whether we can synthesize different traditions of describing scientific work and how then to integrate data from various sources, taking into account different logics of information production, to get a balanced evaluation of R&D performance. Such a question highlights a number of controversies and problems that any researcher faces, e.g. trying to compare aggregated input-output data. The presentation focuses on the key difficulties related to the practical issues with such types of data, the demonstration of possible solutions based on national statistical practices, and finally, the discussion of further steps in developing an integrated approach.

11:15 – 11: Galina Menshikova – St. Petersburg State University, Russia Меньшикова Галина Александровна – Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Россия Modern trends in education: the analysis of education indicators The sphere of education is one of the important branches in organized monitoring of socio-economical processes.

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is one of recognized centers of information gathering that produce regular collections of statistical information – including those devoted to education. In June 2013, the OECD released a new edition of the report entitled “Education at Glance. OECD Indicators,” where it analyzed modern trends in the development of education and the transition to a new kind of classification of educational institutions. This paper analyzes education indicators and the new classification of educational institutions, using as a data source the OECD recent report of modern trends in education. The indicators reveal, not only the growth of public and individual expenditures on education and the diversification of educational forms and institutions, but they also identify innovators in education and the relative position of each country. The paper discusses the merits and issues associated with indicators and their interpretation, using as an example the case of Russia.

Interpersonal Relations: The Driver for Innovation Landscapes Organizer: St. Petersburg State University, Russia Chair: Stefano Breschi, Bocconi University, Italy Working language: English The development of innovation landscapes, bringing together actors from the fields of science, education and business actors, requires extensive innovation-focused inter-organizational collaboration across the sectorial boundaries at regional, national and international levels. The essence and the key driver of such collaborations are inter-personal relations that connect members of research, academic and business organizations. Such contacts provide the basis for trust, information exchange and knowledge creation. Recently empowered by the new ICT technologies, growing mobility and cultural integration, these inter-personal relations have formed network structures of high complexity both within nation states and across borders. The complexity is further increased by various institutional conditions, cultural backgrounds and knowledge environments making inter-personal relations in the innovation landscapes an important subject for international discussion involving both academics and practitioners.

This session is to answer the following questions:

1. What is the nature of inter-personal relations between the members of research, academic and business organizations?

2. Which mechanisms guide knowledge creation, information exchange and trust building in the inter-personal networks? How do they stimulate innovations?

3. How do inter-personal relations influence the dynamics of inter-organizational relations between science, education and business actors?

4. What are the relational qualities and network configurations required to successfully forge inter-organizational ties?

5. Could there be political and managerial tools which help to stimulate the emergence and development of the kinds of inter-personal relations that drive innovation landscapes?

We welcome submissions covering these and other related issues presenting theoretical and methodological developments as well as empirical cases on the regional, national and international scales.

Межличностные отношения: драйвер инновационного ландшафта Организатор: Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Россия Председатель: Стефано Бреши, Университет Боккони, Италия Рабочий язык: Английский Развитие инновационных ландшафтов, объединяющих акторов науки, образования и бизнеса, требует обширного инновационно-ориентированного межорганизационного взаимодействия через границы этих секторов на региональном, национальном и международном уровнях. Ключевым фактором такого сотрудничества являются межличностные отношения, которые соединяют сотрудников исследовательских центров, университетов и бизнес-организаций, составляя основу доверия, обмена информацией и создания знания. Усиленные возрастающей мобильностью, новейшими ИКТ-технологиями и культурной интеграцией, эти межличностные отношения формируют сложные сетевые структуры, как находящиеся внутри государств, так и пересекающие национальные границы. Сложность еще более увеличивается различиями в институциональных условиях, культурных традициях и средах знания, что делает межличностные отношения в инновационных ландшафтах важным объектом международной дискуссии, вовлекающей как исследователей, так и практиков.

В задачи сессии входит поиск ответов на следующие вопросы:

1. Какова природа отношений между членами исследовательских центров, университетов и бизнесорганизаций?

2. Каковы механизмы создания знания, обмена информацией и создания атмосферы доверия в межличностных сетях? Как они стимулируют инновации?

3. Как межличностные отношения влияют на динамику межорганизационных отношений между акторами науки, образования и бизнеса?

4. Какие качества отношений и конфигурации сетевых структур необходимы для успешного формирования межорганизационных связей?

5. Возможно ли выработать политические и управленческие инструменты стимулирования структур межличностных отношений с целью развития инновационного ландшафта?

6. Приглашаются к участию авторы теоретических и методических статей, охватывающих эти и другие вопросы, а также описывающих соответствующие эмпирические кейсы региональных, национальных и международных масштабов.

11:50 – 12: Keynote Nikita Basov, Vera Minina – St. Petersburg State University, Russia Басов Никита Викторович, Минина Вера Николаевна – Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Россия From inter-personal relations to inter-organizational collaboration across science, education and business sectors: analyzing multiple networks in the maritime cluster of Algarve, Portugal Building globally competitive innovation systems that integrate science, education and business sectors is a common policy task for many countries striving to complete transition to the knowledge-based economy. This task, among others, involves creating regional network structures of inter-organizational collaboration across the sectoral boundaries of science, education and business to stimulate innovations. It is expectable that the emergence of such inter-organizational networks draws on effective inter-personal networks that connect members of research, academic and business organizations comprising the basis for trust, information exchange and knowledge creation.

This paper explores the ways to study how inter-personal network structures across the boundaries of science, education and business are related to the development of inter-organizational networks. Using the data on the most innovative science-driven – maritime – cluster of Algarve region of Portugal collected in 2012 we test different techniques of qualitative and quantitative analysis of multiple cross-sectoral networks mapped through regular social network surveys and secondary data analysis. On the one hand, to check if there is a relation between interpersonal and inter-organizational networks we have conducted qualitative analysis of standard network metrics, compared key actors in the two networks and run QAP correlation and regression procedures applied to different dimensions of ties. On the other hand, to find what constitutes an inter-personal network effective in terms of science – education – business integration we have (1) evaluated the state of science, education and business integration in the region using expert surveys, (2) summarized the features of inter-personal networks normally assumed as influencing inter-organizational collaboration in the literature, e.g., the share of brokers, the ratio of strong and weak ties, the level of network density, the extent to which ties between the leaders have been present, and the level of constraint, and (3) checked to what extent and in which form these features have been present in the inter-personal network under analysis.

12:15 – 12: Tatiana Kostiuchenko – National University of "Kyiv – Mohyla Academy", Ukraine Костюченко Татьяна Сергеевна – Национальный университет «Киево-Могилянская Академия», Украина Insufficient interaction between large companies and large universities is a problem for both: university graduates might lack the skills and knowledge of business culture required by the potential employers, while companies face a lack of suitable candidates to fill their vacancies. Thus, there is a need to analyse the opportunities for universities and businesses to strengthen their interconnection and improve collaboration. The paper is based on the results of a study of university alumni employed in big companies. According to this study, people who graduated from the same higher education institutions are tied together by rather sustainable inter-personal connections. Even though they might be not close during university years, they form a kind of cluster as employees of one business entity. Besides, such subgroups of alumni serve as one of the main and the most reliable sources of information about their employer for the new university graduates through their weak ties with alumni of different years.

This stimulates businesses to develop communication strategies focused on university alumni networks thus strengthening connections between businesses and universities.

12:40 – 13: Irina Olimpieva – Centre for Independent Social Research, Russia Олимпиева Ирина – Центр независимых социологических исследований, Россия The role of social capital and interpersonal relations for innovative development: does context matter?

The paper considers different kinds of effects that tight interpersonal relations might have on innovative development in different economic, social, and cultural contexts. The study is based on comparative analysis of small and medium techno-entrepreneurship in Finland and Russia. The data we use is from over 80 in-depth interviews with Finnish and Russian techno-entrepreneurs collected within the frame of the research project “Self-fashioning practices of successful technological entrepreneurs and their influence on the efficiency of high tech companies:

the cases of Russia, Finland, South Korea and Taiwan” conducted in 2012–2013. We’ll take a closer look at the role of interpersonal relations between techno-entrepreneurs and different actors in the innovation environment such as scientific and educational institutions, state bodies and supportive structures, customers and business partners. The notion of social capital will be used as the main analytical concept.

13:05 – 13: Waymond Rodgers – University of Hull Уэймонд Роджерс – Университет Халла Trust positions determining how interpersonal relationships impact on innovation Trust relations are important for effective international exchanges between individuals and organizations such as investors, creditors, customers, managers, and other users of financial and non-financial information. In particular, individuals’ opinions regarding interpersonal relationships are essential to improving social capital in the global economy. We build on previous research by analyzing individuals’ trustworthy behavior regarding interpersonal relationships in a Throughput Model. The analysis of dominant determinants of six trust positions (a rational choice, rule-based trust, category-based trust, third parties as conduits of trust, role-based trust, and history-based trust/ dispositional-based trust) highlights how different trust perspectives may be used to describe individuals’ trustworthiness. A number of propositions are forwarded regarding how investors and other users may trust (distrust) relationships. In this regard, dominant determinants of six trust positions were used to explain the individuals’ and organizations’ decision-making processes. Hence, this paper focuses on a single concept of trust, and considers that these six positions are merely different antecedents to it based on different decision-making pathways. The importance of this approach to innovation is shown by distinguishing between the different positions and demonstrating what is contained in each of the six dominant pathways.

13:30 – 13: Liudmila Vedmetskaya – St. Petersburg State University, Russia Ведмецкая Людмила Васильевна – Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Россия Creation of knowledge networks in science – education – business cooperation and state development:

the issue of trust The competitive advantages of contemporary national economies substantially depend on their ability to promote the creation of new knowledge, to raise the role of education and scientific activity in society. An effective means of knowledge production, and its usage in economy and political governance, is the development of knowledge networks (KN) as a basis for innovation landscapes (IL).

Trust (understood as transparent relations and the ability to share important information, opportunities and resources between individuals) plays an important role in the processes of new KN’s formation. Interpersonal trust inside these networks becomes the basis for long-term cooperation. It can fasten together a variety of heterogeneous groups (e.g. business groups and representatives of research centres) bonded by interpersonal collaboration and friendship. Trust helps to create and disseminate new knowledge faster according to the main principle of wikinomics (by D. Tapscott and A. Williams): sharing the information and knowledge beyond the boundaries of separate firms and institutions to augment economic development and the creation of innovations.

We argue that trust is thus an important element comprising the dynamic capacities of the state, and that it is crucial to economic development, while the lack of trust limits opportunities for strategic development of the state.

Spanning the Gap between Science and Business in the Innovation Landscapes of Russia: Models, Barriers and the Role of Academic Brokers Room 80 – Faculty of Economics of St. Petersburg State University Organizers: European University at St. Petersburg, Russia Chairs: Olga Bychkova, European University at St. Petersburg, Russia Evgenia Popova, National Research Tomsk State University, Russia Working language: English Today, the majority of Russian universities can demonstrate their excellence in the development of applied research, and claim to achieve superior results in the enlargement of the innovation landscapes around them. Universities generate energetic activities which demonstrate their productive relations with business. They are creating numerous offices of technology transfer and commercialization, business incubators, etc. In practice, however, no real effect is produced. There are no innovative breakthroughs, or creation of unique Russian technologies.

According to recent studies, many Russian universities fall short in having a meaningful model of “university – business” R&D relations.

Typically, the main deterrent for successful cooperation is claimed to be the gap between demand for R&D products and their supply. Businesses expect to receive commercial samples ready for production and resale, but academia is unable to convert the results of their research into commercial samples. The other factors are said to be the lack of funding for science and education, and the total collapse of cross-sector networks between science and industry in the post-Soviet period.

The Russian government is trying to repair these ties by offering increased funding to leading universities, and producing policies that stimulate (and sometimes force) science and business relations. Many of these decisions have proved to be ineffective however. In general, Russian science, education, and business have different takes on this issue, and approach each other only in very rare and sporadic cases.

We welcome proposals that address these trends in science – business cooperation in Russia. We will focus on the main models of academic interactions with Russian industry, and analyze the characteristics of R&D activities inside universities. We will answer the following questions: What forms of collaboration exist between universities and business? What problems and barriers does each party see in existing practices of interaction? Are there any brokers who could help both parties to arrange their relations? Who are these brokers and where are they located?

Преодолевая барьеры между наукой и бизнесом в России:

Организаторы: Европейский Университет в Санкт-Петербурге, Россия Национальный Исследовательский Томский Государственный Университет, Россия Председатели: Ольга Бычкова, Европейский Университет в Санкт-Петербурге, Россия Евгения Попова, Национальный Исследовательский Томский Государственный Рабочий язык: Английский Современное развитие бизнеса предполагает постоянное введение инноваций. Государство и частные компании нацелены на то, чтобы находить инновационные решения различными способами. Они могут заказывать исследования и разработки в университетах и исследовательских центрах, могут создавать собственные R&D центры, а могут покупать чужую интеллектуальную собственность или готовые решения в виде целых компаний – стартапов. Таким образом, создается своеобразная экосистема покупки и продажи новых решений в различных технологических сферах.

В настоящий момент в России ВУЗы как одни из главных носителей фундаментального и прикладного знания пытаются различными способами найти свое место внутри этой экосистемы и сформировать собственные правила работы с компаниями. Однако, как указывают эксперты, чаще всего российские университеты оказываются неподготовленными к такому взаимодействию. Многие из них даже близко не подошли к выстроенной R&D цепочке «университет – прикладные исследования – промышленность» или, в советских терминах, «НИР – НИОКР – ОКР – ПКР– инжиниринг/внедрение». Эксперты говорят о различных причинах сложившейся ситуации. Обычно главным фактором считается существующий разрыв спроса и предложения:

промышленность ожидает готовые продукты для продажи, а университеты (которым в советской модели всегда предписывалась роль образовательных структур и источника фундаментальных исследований) неспособны преобразовать результаты своих научно-исследовательских работ в коммерческий образец.

Властные структуры совместно с ВУЗами пытаются нивелировать указанные проблемы, предлагая различные решения. Однако многие из таких решений не всегда способны решить фундаментальную проблему изменения укорененной идентичности российского ВУЗа и превращения фундаментальных научных находок внутри него в продукт, необходимый промышленности и более того – продаваемый на рынке другим потребителям. В целом, в России академические структуры и промышленные корпорации, несмотря на объявленную политику «принуждения к инновациям», так и остаются мирами далекими друг от друга, сближающимися лишь в отдельных случаях.

К участию в секции приглашаются докладчики, рассматривающие проблему взаимодействия между крупными промышленными предприятиями, корпорациями и ВУЗами в России. Основное внимание предлагается уделить особенностям деятельности по НИР и НИОКР внутри российских ВУЗов и оценке того, как ВУЗы строят свои отношения с заказчиками. Каким образом ВУЗы получают промышленные заказы на НИР и НИОКРы? Какие формы взаимодействия существуют между ВУЗами и промышленностью? Какие проблемы в существующих практиках взаимодействия ВУЗов и промышленности видят та и другая сторона? Существуют ли посредники между корпорациями и ВУЗами в сфере НИР и НИОКР?

16:40 – 17: Introduction 17:00 – 17: Keynote Olga Bychkova – European University at St. Petersburg, Russia Evgenia Popova – National Research Tomsk State University, Russia Бычкова Ольга – Европейский Университет в Санкт-Петербурге, Россия Попова Евгения – Национальный Исследовательский Томский Государственный Университет, Россия Overview of academia – industry relations in Russia The presentation will address the existing modes of cooperation between Russian academia and industry. We will focus on main characteristics of R&D activities inside universities and try to evaluate pros and contras of different forms of collaboration that are popular today among Russian academic institutions.

17:20 – 17: Keynote Natalia Bogatyr – National Research University - Higher School of Economics, Russia Наталия Богатырь – НИУ – Высшая Школа Экономики, Россия Industrial myths: how companies see R&D activities in Russian universities The paper will discuss common myths that companies in this country believe about R&D activities inside academia.

We will consider the case of one big company and analyze its expectations for development and outcomes of cooperation with Russian academia.